Roman Catholicism in Norway

Roman Catholicism in Norway is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope, the Curia in Rome and the Scandinavian Bishops Conference.

There are about 83,000 - 230,000 Catholics in the country, 70% of whom were born abroad^[2][3]. The country is divided into three Church districts – the Diocese of Oslo and the prelatures of Trondheim and Tromsø and 32 parishes. In the 1990s, Islam passed the Catholic Church in Norway, and in the beginning of the 2000s, the Catholic Church passed the Pentecostals in Norway. Since that time, the Catholic Church has been the third largest religion in Norway and it is represented with 1.7 - 4.7 % of the population.

In addition, four religious orders have returned to Norway: the Cistercians, Dominicans, the Poor Clares, and the Trappistines. In 2009, monks from the Abbey of Citeaux dedicated a new monastery in Norway, naming it Munkeby Mariakloster. Trappistine nuns, likewise, bought land near the ruins of a pre-Reformation monastery on the island of Tautra in the Trondheim Fjord, moved to the site and built a new cloister, workplace, guesthouse and chapel, calling the new monastery, Tautra Mariakloster. ^[4]

The Bishop of Oslo participates in the Scandinavian Bishops Conference.

Origin

The Catholic Church in Norway is as old as the kingdom itself, dating from approximately 900 A.D., with the first Christian monarchs, Haakon I from 934.

The country is considered to have officially converted upon the death of the king St. Olav at the Battle of Stiklestad in 1030.

The subsequent Christianisation took several hundred years. Largely the work of Anglo-Saxon missionaries, the Norwegian Church has been considered the only daughter of English Catholicism. Cardinal Nicholas Breakspear, later Pope Adrian IV, established a church province in 1152, the archdiocese of Nidaros (Trondheim). The prosperous years of the High Middle Ages were followed by decline for Church and nation alike, although Norwegian Catholicism retained much of its vitality.

Reformation

The Lutheran Reformation lasted from 1526 to 1536. Catholic Church property and Catholic priests' personal properties were confiscated by the Crown. Catholic priests were exiled and imprisoned unless they submitted to conversion to the Danish king's faith. Bishop Jon Arason of Holar, executed in 1550, was the last Catholic bishop of Iceland (until the establishment of the Diocese of Reykjavik in 1923). The Bishop of Hamar from 1513 to 1537, Mogens Lauritsson, was imprisoned until his death in 1542.

Many traditions from the Catholic Middle Ages continued for centuries more. In the late 18th century and into the 19th century, a strict and puritan interpretation of the Lutheran faith, inspired by the preacher Hans Nielsen Hauge, spread through Norway, and popular religious practices turned more purely Lutheran.

The Catholic Church per se, however, was not allowed to operate in Norway between 1537 and 1843, and throughout most of this period, Catholic priests faced execution. In the late 16th century, a few incidents of crypto-Catholicism occurred within the Church of Norway. The Roman Catholic faith survived in remote parts of the Kingdom until approximately 1700. Christiania (Oslo) had an illegal but tolerated Catholic congregation in the 1790s. In 1843 the Norwegian Parliament passed a religious tolerance act providing for limited religious freedom and allowing for legal non-Lutheran public religious services for the first time since the Reformation.

Legalization

The first parish after the Reformation was established in the capital in 1843; a few years later Catholic places of worship were opened in Alta (Finnmark), Tromsø and Bergen. In 1897, the constitutional ban on religious orders was lifted, which in time led to the establishment of several communities and monasteries.

In 1956, the final constitutional restriction on Catholics was lifted when Jesuits were allowed to enter the country for the first time since the Reformation, though it is known that at least one Jesuit - Xavier Rénom de la Baume - was killed in action with French Alpine forces during the Battles of Narvik.

Religious sisters working in hospitals and schools did much to overcome popular suspicions about Catholics. Sigrid Undset, a Catholic convert, and the Rev. Hallvard Rieber-Mohn, O.P., also contributed to this. Protestants and Catholics were brought closer together in firm opposition to the Quisling regime during the German occupation (1940–1945).

Catholic immigrants

The Catholic Church remained very much a minority church of a few thousand people right up to the decades following World War II. Around the country, the local congregations consisted of a few families each. However, with increased immigration from the 1960s onwards, the Catholic Church grew quickly.

At first, the immigrants came from Germany, The Netherlands, and France. Immigration from Chile, the Philippines, and from a wide range of other countries began in the 1970s. This development has further increased in the last few years with economic immigrants from Poland and Lithuania. The official number of Catholics, however, decreased slightly in 2004. This is because the Norwegian state demands a person's social security number (fødsels-og personnummer) in order to grant the per capita subsidy. The real number of Roman Catholics in Norway is possibly as much as twice the official number of 50,000. Ethnic Norwegian Catholics are now greatly outnumbered by the immigrants, although the former tend to be far more observant and conservative, being a self-selected group largely of ex-Lutheran converts. (On the other hand, Chileans, for example, who were mostly Marxist or secular humanist refugees who fled Pinochet's regime, tend to identify as Catholic solely when asked their religion, but few actually practice.) Catholic Church statistics from 2004 <http://www.katolsk.no/norge/n2004.htm> indicate that roughly 40% of Catholics (just under 20,000) are Norwegian-born (although a large fraction of these are undoubtedly of immigrant background), with the largest foreign groups being Filipinos, Vietnamese, Poles, Chileans, and Sri Lankans.

References

• Catholic Church in Norway's website
• Kjelstrup, Karl (in Norwegian). Norvegia catholica : moderkirkens gjenreisning i Norge : et tilbakeblikk i anledning av 100-årsminnet for opprettelsen av St. Olavs menighet i Oslo, 1843-1943. Oslo: Oslo apostolic vicariate. p. 418. 
• Brodersen, Øistein Grieve (in Norwegian). Norge-Rom, 1153-1953 : Jubileumsskrift, 800 år siden opprettelsen av Den norske kirkeprovins. Trondheim. p. 49.